逃离

回首过去，股票投资者可以认为他们在1946到1956年间享受了丰盛的三重盛宴。第一，他们享受了远超过银行利息的公司回报。第二，这些回报的很大部分又重新被投入，获得了其他投资方式无法获得的高回报。第三，当前面两点好处被广泛认知时，他们从股票资产价格的不断上升中又进一步获得了好处。这第三重好处意味着在12%的公司资本回报率之上，他们获得了额外的奖金。道琼斯工业指数股票价格从1946年的相当于138%的净资产增长到1966年的相当于220%的净资产。在这一增长过程中，投资者短暂地获得了超越其所投资企业内在盈利能力的回报。

这一人间天堂式的情形在60年代中期被许多主要投资机构“发现”。但正当这些金融界的大象争先恐后进入股票市场时，我们进入了一个加速通货膨胀和高利率的时期。非常合乎逻辑的是，股票的上涨开始改头向下。升高的利息无情的减少了现存的固定收益投资的价值。当长期公司债券利息开始上升（最终达到了10%的附近），股票投资的12%的回报和再投入的优势都变得不一样了。

股票被认为比债券更加具有风险。在一定时期内，股票的收益率虽然多多少少是固定的，但却每年上下浮动。投资者对未来的态度，很大程度上被每年的这种收益率浮动所影响，而这种影响往往是错误的。股票有更大的风险还因为股票是无限期的。（即使你的友好的股票经纪人有“安全”的100年的债券，他也不敢兜售给你。）由于这些额外的风险，投资者自然预期股票要有令人满意的高于债券的回报。而同样是公司发行的股票和债券，股票回报12%，债券回报10%，这两者的差异还够不上令人满意。当两者的差异缩小时，股票投资者开始寻找逃离的方式。

但是，作为一个群体，他们无法逃离。他们所能取得的只有很多的股票价格变动，显著的摩擦成本和新的、更低的估值水平。这一估值水平反映了在通货膨胀条件下，12%的股票收益率毫无吸引力。在过去10年，债券投资者受到了一系列的打击。他们在这一遭受打击的过程中发现，在任何债券利息水平，无论是6%，或8%，还是10%，都没有任何神奇的力量阻止债券价格的崩溃。股票投资者虽然总的来说没有意识到他们也有“息票”，但是他们还正在接受教育的过程中。

巴菲特：《通货膨胀如何欺诈股票投资者》（六）

Heading for the exits

Looking back, stock investors can think of themselves in the 1946-56 period as having been ladled a truly bountiful triple dip. First, they were the beneficiaries of an underlying corporate return on equity that was far above prevailing interest rates. Second, a significant portion of that return was reinvested for them at rates that were otherwise unattainable. And third, they were afforded an escalating appraisal of underlying equity capital as the first two benefits became widely recognized. This third dip meant that, on top of the basic 12 percent or so earned by corporations on their equity capital, investors were receiving a bonus as the Dow Jones industrials increased in price from 138 percent book value in 1946 to 220 percent in 1966, Such a marking-up process temporarily allowed investors to achieve a return that exceeded the inherent earning power of the enterprises in which they had invested.

This heaven-on-earth situation finally was "discovered" in the mid-1960's by many major investing institutions. But just as these financial elephants began trampling on one another in their rush to equities, we entered an era of accelerating inflation and higher interest rates. Quite logically, the marking-up process began to reverse itself. Rising interest rates ruthlessly reduced the value of all existing fixed-coupon investments. And as long-term corporate bond rates began moving up (eventually reaching the 10 percent area), both the equity return of 12 percent and the reinvestment "privilege" began to look different.

Stocks are quite properly thought of as riskier than bonds. While that equity coupon is more or less fixed over periods of time, it does fluctuate somewhat from year to year. Investors' attitudes about the future can be affected substantially, although frequently erroneously, by those yearly changes. Stocks are also riskier because they come equipped with infinite maturities. (Even your friendly broker wouldn't have the nerve to peddle a 100-year bond, if he had any available, as "safe.") Because of the additional risk, the natural reaction of investors is to expect an equity return that is comfortably above the bond return - and 12 percent on equity versus, say, 10 percent on bonds issued by the same corporate universe does not seem to qualify as comfortable. As the spread narrows, equity investors start looking for the exits.

But, of course, as a group they can't get out. All they can achieve is a lot of movement, substantial frictional costs, and a new, much lower level of valuation, reflecting the lessened attractiveness of the 12 percent equity coupon under inflationary conditions. Bond investors have had a succession of shocks over the past decade in the course of discovering that there is no magic attached to any given coupon level - at 6 percent, or 8 percent, or 10 percent, bonds can still collapse in price. Stock investors, who are in general not aware that they too have a "coupon", are still receiving their education on this point.